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Biomolekul


organikorganismehidrokarbonkarbonhidrogenikatan kovalenelektrongugus fungsiprotéinasem nukleatkarbohidratlipidmakromolekulBobot molekulpolimerasem aminomonosakaridaasem nukleatsel










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Biomolekul




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Struktur myoglobin


Biomolekul wujud senyawa-senyawa organik prasaja pewangun organisme urip lan asifat khas minangka prodhuk aktivitas biologis. Biomolekul bisa dideleng minangka turunan hidrokarbon, ya iku senyawa karbon lan hidrogen sing duwé rangka dhasar sing kasusun saka atom karbon, sing dimanunggalaké déning ikatan kovalen. Rangka dhasar hidrokarbon asifat stabil banget, amarga ikatan tunggal lan dhobel karbon-karbon migunakaké pasangan elektron bebarengan kanthi rata. Biomolekul asifat polifungsionil, ngandhut loro utawa luwih jinis gugus fungsi sing béda. Ing molekul mau, saben gugus fungsi duwé sipat lan reaksi kimia dhéwé-dhéwé.



Wangun senyawa biomolekul |


Senyawa-senyawa biomolekul racaké ditepungi mawa patang wangun: protéin, asem nukleat, karbohidrat, lan lipid. Papat golongan biomolekul mau sipat lumrahé ya iku duwé struktur sing relatif gedhé (bobot molekul gedhé), mula karan makromolekul.


Bobot molekul (BM) protéin kisarané watara 5000 nganti punjul sayuta; bobot molekul manéka jinis asem nukleat kisarané nganti pirang-pirang milyar, karbohidrat (polisakarida) bisa duwé bobot molekul nganti mayuta-yuta. Molekul lipid luwih cilik adoh (BM 750 nganti 1500). Nanging amarga lipid lumrahé kawangun saka éwonan molekul saéngga mbentuk struktur kanthi ukuran gedhé sing fungsiné kaya sistem makromolekuler, struktrur lipid uga bisa dianggep makromolekul.


Protein wujud polimer asem-asem amino, karbohidrat wujud polimer monosakarida, asem nukleat wujud polimer mononukleatida. Monomer lipid ana manéka warna, gumantung ing jinis lipidé, ing antarané asem lemak, kolin, etanolamin, serin lan liya-liyané.



Fungsi biomolekul |


Biomolekul duwé kagunaan tinentu sajeroning sel, kaya ta:


  • protéin minangka enzim, piranti transpor, antibodi, hormon lan pambentuk membran;

  • karbohidrat minangka sumber tenaga, komponèn pambentuk membran lan dinding sel;

  • lipid minangka sumber tenaga, hormon, lan pambentuk sel;

  • asem nukleat minangka faktor genetika, koenzim, panggawa tenaga, lan pangatur biosintesis protéin.




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