American Association (1882-91) Indholdsfortegnelse Tidslinje | Mestre | Hold | Formænd | Kilder / eksterne henvisninger | Navigationsmenu"American Association Remembered"SCSR / Cincinnati Reds: Association Years (1882-1889)Baltimore Orioles (1882-1899) franchise indexNewington Park in Baltimore, MDOriole Park I in Baltimore, MDOriole Park II in Baltimore, MDCincinnati Reds (1882-2008) franchise indexBank Street Grounds in Cincinnati, OHLeague Park I in Cincinnati, OHLouisville Colonels (1882-1899) franchise indexEclipse Park I in Louisville, KYPhiladelphia Athletics (1882-1890) franchise indexOakdale Park in Philadelphia, PAJefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia, PA.Pittsburgh Pirates (1882-2008) franchise indexExposition Park I in Pittsburgh, PARecreation Park in Pittsburgh, PASt. Louis Cardinals (1882-1890) franchise indexSportsman's Park I in St. Louis, MOColumbus Buckeyes (1883-1884) franchise indexRecreation Park I in Columbus, OHNew York Metropolitans (1883-1887) franchise indexPolo Grounds I (Southeast Diamond) in New York, NYMetropolitan Park in New York, NYSt. George Cricket Grounds in St. George, NYLos Angeles Dodgers (1882-2008) franchise indexWashington Park I in Brooklyn, NYRidgewood Park II in New York, NYIndianapolis Blues (1884) franchise indexSeventh Street Park I in Indianapolis, INBruce Grounds in Indianapolis, INRichmond Virginias (1884) franchise indexAllens Pasture in Richmond, VAToledo Blue Stockings (1884) franchise indexLeague Park in Toledo, OHWashington Nationals (1884) franchise indexAthletic Park in Washington, DCCleveland Spiders (1887-1899) franchise indexLeague Park II in Cleveland, OHKansas City Cowboys (1888-1899) franchise indexAssociation Park in Kansas City, MOExposition Park in Kansas City, MOColumbus Solons (1889-1891) franchise indexRecreation Park II in Columbus, OHBrooklyn Gladiators (1890) franchise indexPolo Grounds III in New York, NYRochester Hop Bitters (1890) franchise indexCulver Field I in Rochester, NYSyracuse Stars (1890) franchise indexStar Park II in Syracuse, NYToledo Maumees (1890) franchise indexSperanza Park in Toledo, OHBoston Reds (1890-1891) franchise indexCongress Street Grounds in Boston, MACincinnati Kelly's Killers (1891) franchise indexEast End Park in Cincinnati, OHMilwaukee Brewers (1891) franchise indexAthletic Park in Milwaukee, WIPhiladelphia Athletics (1890-1891) franchise indexForepaugh Park in Philadelphia, PAMilwaukee Brewers (1891) franchise indexBoundary Field in Washington, DCr
Baltimore OriolesCincinnati Red StockingsLouisville Eclipse / ColonelsPhiladelphia AthleticsPittsburgh Alleghenys / PiratesSt. Louis Brown Stockings / BrownsColumbus BuckeyesNew York MetropolitansBrooklyn Atlantics / Grays / BridegroomsIndianapolis HoosiersRichmond VirginiansToledo Blue StockingsWashington NationalsCleveland Forest CitysKansas City CowboysColumbus SolonsBrooklyn GladiatiorsRochester BroncosSyracuse StarsToledo MaumeesBoston RedsCincinnati Kelly's KillersMilwaukee BrewersPhiladelphia AthleticsWashington Statesmen
American Association (1882-91)Etableret i 1881Ophørt i 1892
Major League Baseball18821891National LeaguebaseballWorld SeriespuritanskebyermoralPittsburghCincinnatiLouisvilleSt. Louisliberalalkoholpolitik8. november1881Gibson HouseCincinnatialkoholstadionerbryggerierdestillerier18841890World Series188518901886St. Louis BrownsChicago White StockingsBrooklyn Bridegrooms1889året efterPlayers' League1890Pittsburgh Pirates1886-sæsonenBrooklyn BridegroomsCincinnati Reds1889-sæsonenSt. Louis Brownsden sidste AA-sæson i 189119001960'erne19001892Baltimore OriolesWashington SenatorsLouisville ColonelsCleveland SpidersAmerican League
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American Association (1882-91)
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For alternative betydninger, se American Association. (Se også artikler, som begynder med American Association)
For alternative betydninger, se American Association. (Se også artikler, som begynder med American Association)American Association var en Major League Baseball-liga, der eksisterede i 10 sæsoner fra 1882 til 1891. I den periode kæmpede ligaen med National League om den dominerende position inden for professionel baseball. Vinderen af American Association spillede i syv af sæsonerne mod vinderen af National League i en forløber for nutidens World Series.
American Association (AA) skilte sig på flere måder ud fra hvad den selv betragtede som den puritanske National League. Den nye liga etablerede hold i byer, som National League-lederne nedsættende kaldte "river cities" på grund deres angiveligt lavere moral og social status, herunder Pittsburgh, Cincinnati, Louisville og St. Louis.
AA opererede med lavere billetpriser og mere liberal alkoholpolitik end National League. På et møde den 8. november 1881 på Gibson House i Cincinnati blev det besluttet, at hvert enkelt hold i den nydannede liga selv kunne føre sin egen forretning og selv fastsætte sine billetpriser.[1] Aftalen fik navnet guarantee system. På den tid forbød National League salg af alkohol på sine stadioner, mens American Association ikke havde sådanne restriktioner, især fordi adskillige af dens hold blev støttet af bryggerier og destillerier. American Association blev kendt som "The Beer and Whiskey League", endnu en nedsættende betegnelse anvendt af National League-tilhængerne, men som ikke så ud til at påvirke fansene af AA-holdene.
Fra 1884 til og med 1890 mødtes vinderne af American Association og National League i en tidlig udgave af nutidens World Series. Disse tidlige serier var mindre organiserede i forhold til nutidens serier, og antallet af kampe varierede mellem tre og femten, og serierne i 1885 og 1890 endte uafgjort. National League-holdene vandt fire af serierne, mens AA-holdene kun vandt én, i 1886 hvor St. Louis Browns besejrede Chicago White Stockings.
I løbet af sin levetid blev American Association svækket af flere faktorer. Vigtigst var formentlig holdenes tendens til at skifte over til National League, der som den stærkere liga bedre var i stand til at overleve kritiske omstændigheder. F.eks. vandt Brooklyn Bridegrooms AA-mesterskabet i 1889, skiftede derefter til National League, og gentog derefter triumfen året efter. Men det betydeligste slag, der medvirkede til at fælde ligaen, var formentlig oprettelsen af Players' League i 1890, som tappede American Association for talenter og billetindtægter.
Resterne af American Association lever videre i de hold, der skiftede til National League og som stadig eksisterer. Pittsburgh Pirates skiftede til NL efter 1886-sæsonen, Brooklyn Bridegrooms og Cincinnati Reds efter 1889-sæsonen, og St. Louis Browns efter den sidste AA-sæson i 1891. Efter omorganiseringen og indskrænkningen af National League fra tolv til otte hold i 1900 var halvdelen af de otte tilbageværende hold tidligere medlemmer af American Association. Flere af AA-holdenes hjemmebaner overlevede indtil 1960'erne.
Indholdsfortegnelse
1 Tidslinje
1.1 Genoplivningsforsøg
2 Mestre
3 Hold
4 Formænd
5 Kilder / eksterne henvisninger
5.1 Noter
Tidslinje |
1882: American Association oprettes med seks hold.
1883: American Association udvides til otte hold.
1884: American Association udvides til 12 hold som svar på truslen fra Union Association.
1885: American Association vender tilbage til otte hold.
1887: Pittsburgh Alleghenys forlader American Association for at blive optaget i National League.
1889: Cleveland Forest Citys forlader American Association for at blive optaget i National League.
1890: Cincinnati Red Stockings og Brooklyn Bridegrooms forlader American Association for at blive optaget i National League.
1892: Baltimore Orioles, Louisville Colonels, St. Louis Browns og Washington Senators bliver optaget i National League efter lukningen af American Association.
Genoplivningsforsøg |
I 1900 var der forsøg på at genoplive American Association efter at tre af de fire AA-hold, der var blevet optaget i National League i 1892, Baltimore Orioles, Washington Senators og Louisville Colonels, sammen med NL's Cleveland Spiders var blev droppet af National League. Forsøget endte med oprettelsen af American League.
Mestre |
| Sæson | Mesterhold |
|---|---|
1882 | Cincinnati Red Stockings |
1883 | Philadelphia Athletics |
1884 | New York Metropolitans |
1885 | St. Louis Browns |
1886 | St. Louis Browns |
1887 | St. Louis Browns |
1888 | St. Louis Browns |
1889 | Brooklyn Bridegrooms |
1890 | Louisville Colonels |
1891 | Boston Reds |
Hold |
| Franchise | Sæsoner | Hjemmebane(r) | Titler | Noter | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Baltimore Orioles[2] | 1882–1891 | Newington Park/Oriole Park I, II, III | 0 | [3][4][5][6] | |
Cincinnati Red Stockings[2] | 1882–1889 | Bank Street Grounds/League Park I | 1 | Findes stadig under navnet Cincinnati Reds | [7][8][9] |
Louisville Colonels[2] | 1882–1891 | Eclipse Park I | 1 | [10][11] | |
Philadelphia Athletics | 1882–1890 | Oakdale Park/Jefferson Street Grounds | 1 | [12][13][14] | |
Pittsburgh Alleghenys[2] | 1882–1886 | Exposition Park I, II/Recreation Park | 0 | Findes stadig under navnet Pittsburgh Pirates | [15][16][17] |
St. Louis Brown Stockings / Browns[2] | 1882–1891 | Sportsman's Park I | 4 | Findes stadig under navnet St. Louis Cardinals | [18][19] |
Columbus Buckeyes | 1883–1884 | Recreation Park I | 0 | [20][21] | |
New York Metropolitans | 1883–1887 | Polo Grounds I/Metropolitan Park/St. George Cricket Grounds | 1 | [22][23][24][25] | |
Brooklyn Atlantics / Grays / Bridegrooms[2] | 1884–1889 | Washington Park/Ridgewood Park II | 1 | Findes stadig under navnet Los Angeles Dodgers | [26][27][28] |
Indianapolis Hoosiers | 1884 | Seventh Street Park I/Bruce Grounds | 0 | [29][30][31] | |
Richmond Virginians | 1884 | Allen Pasture | 0 | [32][33] | |
Toledo Blue Stockings | 1884 | League Park | 0 | [34][35] | |
Washington Nationals | 1884 | Athletic Park | 0 | [36][37] | |
Cleveland Forest Citys[2] | 1887–1889 | Kennard Street Park | 0 | [38][39] | |
Kansas City Cowboys | 1888–1889 | Association Park/Exposition Park | 0 | [40][41][42] | |
Columbus Solons | 1889–1891 | Recreation Park II | 0 | [43][44] | |
Brooklyn Gladiators | 1890 | Ridgewood Park II/Polo Grounds III | 0 | [45][28][46] | |
Rochester Broncos / Hop Bitters | 1890 | Culver Field I/Polo Grounds III | 0 | [47][48] | |
Syracuse Stars | 1890 | Star Park II | 0 | [49][50] | |
Toledo Maumees | 1890 | Speranza Park | 0 | [51][52] | |
Boston Reds[53] | 1891 | Congress Street Grounds | 1 | Skiftede fra Players' League efter 1890-sæsonen | [54][55] |
Cincinnati Kelly's Killers | 1891 | East End Park | 1 | Kaldtes også Reds og Porkers | [56][57] |
Milwaukee Brewers | 1891 | Athletic Park | 0 | [58][59] | |
Philadelphia Quakers / Athletics[53] | 1891 | Forepaugh Park | 0 | Skiftede fra Players' League efter 1890-sæsonen | [60][61] |
Washington Statesmen[2] | 1891 | Boundary Field | 0 | [62][63] |
- I 1884 blev Washington Statesmen i løbet af sæsonen erstattet af Richmond Virginians.
- Før 1891-sæsonen blev Philadelphia Athletics erstattet af Philadelphia Quakers fra Players' League.
Cincinnati Kelly's Killers lukkede i løbet af 1891-sæsonen og blev erstattet af Milwaukee Brewers.
Formænd |
H.D. McKnight (1882-85)
Wheeler C. Wyckoff (1886-89)
Zach Phelps (1890)
Allan W. Thurman (1890-91)
Louis Kramer (1891)
Ed Renau (1891)
Zach Phelps (1891)
Kilder / eksterne henvisninger |
"American Association Remembered", MLB.com- SCSR / Cincinnati Reds: Association Years (1882-1889)
Nemec, David (2004). The Beer and Whisky League : The Illustrated History of the American Association—Baseball's Renegade Major League. Guilford: The Lyons Press. ISBN 1-59228-188-5.
Pietrusza, David (1991). The Formation, Sometimes Absorption and Mostly Inevitable Demise of 18 Professional Baseball Organizations, 1871 to Present. Jefferson (NC): McFarland & Company. ISBN 0-89950-590-2.
Noter |
^ The Encyclopedia of Louisville, John E. Kleber
^ abcdefgh Holdet skiftede senere til National League.
^ Baltimore Orioles (1882-1899) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Newington Park in Baltimore, MD. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Oriole Park I in Baltimore, MD. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Oriole Park II in Baltimore, MD. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Cincinnati Reds (1882-2008) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Bank Street Grounds in Cincinnati, OH. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ League Park I in Cincinnati, OH. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Louisville Colonels (1882-1899) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Eclipse Park I in Louisville, KY. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Philadelphia Athletics (1882-1890) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Oakdale Park in Philadelphia, PA. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Jefferson Street Grounds in Philadelphia, PA.. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Pittsburgh Pirates (1882-2008) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Exposition Park I in Pittsburgh, PA. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Recreation Park in Pittsburgh, PA. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ St. Louis Cardinals (1882-1890) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Sportsman's Park I in St. Louis, MO. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Columbus Buckeyes (1883-1884) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Recreation Park I in Columbus, OH. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ New York Metropolitans (1883-1887) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Polo Grounds I (Southeast Diamond) in New York, NY. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Metropolitan Park in New York, NY. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ St. George Cricket Grounds in St. George, NY. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Los Angeles Dodgers (1882-2008) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Washington Park I in Brooklyn, NY. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ ab Ridgewood Park II in New York, NY. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Indianapolis Blues (1884) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Seventh Street Park I in Indianapolis, IN. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Bruce Grounds in Indianapolis, IN. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Richmond Virginias (1884) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Allens Pasture in Richmond, VA. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Toledo Blue Stockings (1884) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ League Park in Toledo, OH. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Washington Nationals (1884) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Athletic Park in Washington, DC. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Cleveland Spiders (1887-1899) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ League Park II in Cleveland, OH. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Kansas City Cowboys (1888-1899) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Association Park in Kansas City, MO. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Exposition Park in Kansas City, MO. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Columbus Solons (1889-1891) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Recreation Park II in Columbus, OH. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Brooklyn Gladiators (1890) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Polo Grounds III in New York, NY. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Rochester Hop Bitters (1890) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Culver Field I in Rochester, NY. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Syracuse Stars (1890) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Star Park II in Syracuse, NY. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Toledo Maumees (1890) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Speranza Park in Toledo, OH. Retrosheet, Inc.
^ ab Holdet skiftede til American Association fra Players' League
^ Boston Reds (1890-1891) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Congress Street Grounds in Boston, MA. Retrosheet, Inc.
^ Cincinnati Kelly's Killers (1891) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ East End Park in Cincinnati, OH. Retrosheet, Inc.
^ Milwaukee Brewers (1891) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Athletic Park in Milwaukee, WI. Retrosheet, Inc.
^ Philadelphia Athletics (1890-1891) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Forepaugh Park in Philadelphia, PA. Retrosheet, Inc.
^ Milwaukee Brewers (1891) franchise index. Retrosheet, Inc. Hentet 2009-04-05.
^ Boundary Field in Washington, DC. Retrosheet, Inc.
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Kategorier:
- American Association (1882-91)
- Etableret i 1881
- Ophørt i 1892
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